systems change biochemical and microenvironmental signals to digital readouts and enable

biosensing with high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, and rapid.

The sensitive and selective detection of different types of biomarkers (molecular, histologic,

radiographic, and physiologic types of biomarkers) are for the basic application of bioana­

lytical chemistry. Advanced sensor technologies have been mostly developed in mobile

healthcare systems and wearable bioelectronic devices, while in target analytes biosensing is

based on green methods that exhibit real-time monitoring. In addition to the bioelectronic

devices, many studies have reported the performance effects of green organic transistors with

natural materials, experimental conditions, morphological, and structural properties.

When compared to other materials, green organic transistors have many advantages in

the presence of biopolymer and biopolymer blends such as egg albumen, starch, gelatine,

silk, polysaccharides, collagen, algal, chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, gum arabic, polylactic

acid, poly-lactic-go-glycolacid, polycaprolactone, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate), polypropy­

lene carbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate),

poly(3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate

(PEDOT:PSS). Lai et al. prepared a novel gelatin-hydrogel-based organic synaptic transistor

for the application of environment-friendly neuromorphic electronics to understand the

neuromorphological computing system of learning and memory in the human brain using

the principle of sustainable development [1].

Therefore, to expand the applications of polymers in green transistors, Rullyani et al.

developed eco-friendly 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-diimide (PTCDI)–based organic

thin-film transistors (OTFTs) using natural rubber, chitosan, and cis-polyisoprene extract.

The green OTFTs were characterized by the tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

(AFM) technique to investigate the surface properties of the gate dielectric electrode and

the formation of the organic semiconductor on the surface. Experimental results revealed

that chitosan (biopolymer) and natural rubber are some of the most promising materials

for use as gate dielectric materials in biomedical applications with their high dielectric

strength and insulation properties [2]. Ji et al., in 2020, discussed flexible, sensitive, and

selective carbonized silk fabric-based electrochemical transistors that remarkably ele­

vated the sensor performance on the detection of dopamine. The sensor exhibited an

effective performance parameter with an ultra-low detection limit of 1 nM in a wide

concentration range from 1 nM to 30 μM [3]. In literature, Lee et al. prepared a fully

stretchable, wearable, and lab-on-a-patch impedimetric biosensor for immunodetection of

cortisol biomarkers in a wide concentration range from 1 pg/mL to 1 μg/mL with a high

correlation (relative difference of ∼14.7%) [4]. These experimental results showed that

the proposed biosensor had great potential for medical diagnostics and monitoring in

biomedical applications. With this approach, Wang et al. prepared a novel wearable

and stretchable textile gold fiber-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of on-

body sweat lactate and sensing of soft robotic glove lactate with a high sensitivity of

19.13 μA/mMcm² and 14.6 μA/mMcm² in artificial sweat solutions [5]. Hashemi et al.

developed a green polyrhodanine/graphene oxide/Fe3O4 nanocomposite based ultra-

sensitive biosensor with a natural kombucha extract as a biomaterial for the determina­

tion of doxorubicin hydrochloride in human body fluids. Electrochemical results showed

that the ultrasensitivity, low limit of detection (LOD), and quantification limit of the

proposed polyrhodanine/graphene oxide/Fe3O4 nanocomposite-based biosensor were

calculated 167.62 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻², 0.008 μM, and 0.056 μM, respectively, due to the elec­

trochemical redox in the human blood plasma [6].

Several studies have reported that the most frequently used forms of the high-

performance fully printed OTFT-based devices with very higher carrier mobility

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Bioelectronics